Alterations of Hematology and Cardiovascular Systems Case Study - 1

Alterations of Hematology and Cardiovascular Systems - Case Study Example For me transplantation is the last option and I will do everything possible to avoid it. In order to fully examine the extend of Mr. P’s heart condition, I will take him through the following medical tests namely; cardiac catheterization, pressure-volume loop analysis, X-ray and biopsy (Tung & Chang, 2009). I will use electrocardiogram to examine Mr. P heart rhythms at while he is at rest in order to understand how irregular they are. I will utilize a cardiac catheterization to measure pressure in Mr. P heart. Cardiac catheterization involves inserting a thin plastic tube via a blood vessel until it reaches the heart whereby a dye is introduced into the blood vessels and then conducting X-rays so as to evaluate the heart’s structure and function. At the same time, I may perform a pressure-volume loop test. This test evaluates the amount of blood flow put out by the heart during each beat. The results will help me pinpoint what type of cardiomyopathy Mr. P might have. I may also take chest X-rays to see if Mr. P’s heart is enlarged. Further I may take a biopsy of Mr. P’s heart muscle. In this method, I will use anesthesia to insert a small needle into Mr. P’s heart to remove a small bit of tissue for laboratory tests in order know the extent of disease. I will recommend the following treatment for Mr. P heart problem namely: a) ACE inhibitors and vasodilators. The purpose of this treatment is to enlarge blood vessels so that blood flows can smoothly which in essence helps the heart to functions more capably b) Beta blockers-this type of treatment enhances the pumping action of heart’s blood pumping chamber-the left ventricle c) digitalis- this kind of treatment increases the pumping action of the entire heart and d) diuretics – which help the body get rid of excess salt and water. One of the major roles of a nurse is to provide patients and family with relevant information

Patient Need During Mechanical Ventilation Literature Review

Patient Need During Mechanical Ventilation Literature Review Review of literature is a systematic search of the published work to gain information about a research topic. It is a compilation that provides the ground work for the study. A literature review is a Critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification and comparison of prior research studies, review of literature, and theoretical articles.(Wisconsin 2004) This chapter deals with the information collected in relation to the ypresent study through published and unpublished materials, which provided the foundation to carry out this study. In the present study the review of literature is organized and presented as  follows. Literature related to patients need during mechanical ventilation. Literature related to augmentive and alternative communication methods Literature related to patients satisfaction Literature related to patients need during mechanical ventilation Wojnicki-Johansson (2001) conducted a study among nurses to evaluate the communication of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU (n = 22). Among the 22 patients, 19 patients have had good functional communication. Three patients reported that nurses were unable to understand their messages. The author suggested that nurses should critically evaluate their communication skills and frequently verify the content of communication with patients. Rotondi, Armando J. (2006) conducted a prospective cohort study on intensive care unit patients (n = 150 ) receiving mechanical ventilation. In this study the researcher collected data on patients physical(e.g pain) and psychological( anxiety) experiences with the mechanical ventilation. The study revealed that among two third of patients were strongly associated with experience of sleeplessness , fear , inability to communicate, pain, tense and loneliness. Bergbom-Engberg and Haljamae (2003) conducted a retrospective study, interviewed 158 patients on their recall of experiences while being mechanically ventilated 2 to 48 months after their ICU experience. Approximately half of the subjects reported experiencing feelings of anxiety/fear, agony/panic, and insecurity, and found it distressing not to be able to communicate properly with the nurses and their relatives. Lance  Patak, et al, (2004) conducted a descriptive study using qualitative and quantitative methods, a total of 29 critically ill patients, extubated within the last 72 hours,. It was found that 62% of patients (n = 18) reported a high level of frustration in communicating their needs while being mechanically ventilated. There was no significant difference between the duration of intubation and the level of frustration (Spearman r 5 .109, P 5 .573). Mechanically ventilated patients experience a high level of frustration when communicating their needs, and health care providers have a significant impact on the mechanically ventilated patients experience. Stacey M. Carroll (2004) used metasynthesis and understanding of non vocal mechanically ventilated patients experiences with communication. The final sample (n=111) included 12 qualitative studies. The data, methods, and theoretical frameworks were critically interpreted. The samples are divided into two groups. In the first group, the characteristics of nonvocal ventilated patients communication experiences were often not understood, which resulted in loss of control and negative emotional responses. In the second group, nonvocal patients wanted nursing care that was delivered in an individualized, caring manner. This facilitated positive interpersonal relations between the patient and the nurse. Johnson and Sexton (2007) interviewed (n=14) patients and identified 19 factors that caused distress for these patients. In this qualitative study, the inability to speak was identified by all participants as causing distress to some degree, from mild to extreme. In addition, other factors causing distress included pain/discomfort from the endotracheal tube, suctioning, inability to determine time, and noise. These distressing factors can be alleviated by health care professionals Kefang Wang et al, (2008) conducted a phenomenological approach and Giorgis phenomenological analysis procedure was used to analyse the data. Participants (n=11) surviving from mechanical ventilation were interviewed in-depth, described their experience which were: being in an unconventional environment, physical suffering, psychological suffering, and self-encouragement and self-reflection. Self-encouragement and self-reflection enhanced patients self-confidence, which was beneficial to recovering. Critical care nurses should place the highest priority on recognizing and meeting the needs of ventilated patients in intensive care units. Fatma Eti Aslan (2009) conducted a descriptive study with patients (n=300) in a cardiac surgery ICU post-operatively for a minimum of 48 h, had a sternal incision, chest tube, and required mechanical ventilation. Most patients described their pain as aching (n = 177) and throbbing (n = 154). The presence of chest tubes (n = 95), endotracheal tube suctioning (n = 47), change of dressings (n = 27) and the use of air mattresses (n = 20) were also identified as painful experiences for patients. Nuran TOSUN et al (2010), conducted a descriptive study on patients (n = 155) who were admitted to medical or surgical ICUs and the patients were interviewed with a semi-structured interview form, to determine the experiences related to mechanical ventilation (MV) The data were evaluated with Colaizzis qualitative research analysis method (91.41  ± 34.91). Physical restriction, dependency, air hunger, thirst, pain, inability to talk and difficulty to be understood were described as uncomfortable and stressful experiences for the patients. Flexible family visits, positive thinking, praying, hope for survival, care by experienced and friendly ICU nurses were effective for coping with stressful factors related to prolonged MV and the ICU environment Literature related to augmentive and alternative communication methods Stovsky et al. (1988) used a quasi-experimental design to compare two methods of communication in patients (n=40) receiving ventilator support after cardiac surgery. The study explored patients experiences and preferences for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods during mechanical ventilation including yes/no questions, mouthing words/lip reading, facial expression reading, and use of an alphabet board, a magic slate board, a phrase board, and electronic scanning devices The experimental group (n = 20) was introduced to a communication board before surgery and they used the board during the postoperative period while receiving mechanical ventilation. The communication board used icons and pictures to represent basic needs (pain, fear, heat/cold, thirst, and bedpan). In contrast, the control group (n = 20) relied on standard care and on the experience of nurses. Patients in the experimental group were significantly more satisfied with communication using the board t han were patients in the control group (P = .05). Lawless (1975) conducted a study on ventilated patients (n=30) and the study described different types of boards that could be used to help patients communicate during mechanical ventilation: a magic slate board, magnetic plastic letters and board, an alphabet board, a picture board, and a simple writing board. Critical care nurses were used such type of AAC methods to assess their effectiveness in facilitating communication Reed (2008) conducted a study among nurses and patients regarding communication methods used to communicate. The study revealed that 60% of mechanically ventilated patients were extremely frustrated with their inability to communicate and 75% of nurses perceived their methods and 51% of patients preferred the picture board as their best method compared to other communication aids and basic methods, and 58% of nurses reported the picture board as the most beneficial method. Inke eh, light j à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™kitko l (2008) done quantitative research regarding communication between nurses and patients (n=60) with complex communication needs (CCN). The Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies that can be used by nurses to facilitate more effective à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡communication with patients with CCN. Difficulties in communication between nurses and patients arise when patients are unable to speak. . Using AAC strategies will help nurses and patients better communicate with each other when speech is not an option. Literature related to patients satisfacion Annie (2007) performed an experimental control trial of patients (n=60), and the study demonstrated that 73% patients without the communication board found their communication process was inadequate. 80% found their communication was adequate with the communication. 63% of patients reported being unsatisfied with their communication process without the communication board and with the board, 77% were satisfied. Of those who used the Communication Board, 80% were satisfied with the board, 20% moderately satisfied and none reported unsatisfied. Nurses, however, reported 53% satisfaction, 30% moderately satisfied and 17% unsatisfied. Overall, the patients with the Communication Board reported higher satisfaction with communication (p AC Jansen,et al (2009) done a study, developed a questionnaire that consisted of 60 questions in eight domains (General satisfaction, Reception, Physical care, Mental care, Empathy and attention, Communication and information, Surroundings and Physical discomfort). Answering possibilities ranged from 1 (not satisfied) to 5 (completely satisfied). all consecutive adult patients from a 29-bed, tertiary-care, medical, surgical, neurosurgical and thoracic-surgical ICU were interviewed within 4 days after discharge. Demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained from electronic records. General linear modeling (GLM) with Bonferroni-Holmes correction was used to study the relationship between overall patient satisfaction scores and the eight domains, corrected for patient and ICU-related factors. The model was tested for clinically relevant interaction between determinants. Ninety-eight patients were interviewed. The mean overall patient satisfaction score was 4.60 (SD = 0.93). Of the eight domains, only Communication and information (P = 0.039) appeared to be significant in predicting general satisfaction. Also sex (P = 0.046), length of ICU stay (P = 0.042), the interaction between Communication and information and age (P = 0.016), and the interaction between Communication and information and Minimal Mental State Examination score (P = 0.013) were significant. An indepth analysis of Communication and information showed that the interaction of communication with birth country (P Parsa-Yekta.Z, . (2009) conducted a quasi experimental study to compare the effects of two types of communication methods on anxiety and satisfaction in patients (n=90) after cardiac and bypass surgery having intubation. Patients were randomly selected by divided into two groups (experimental and control). The researchers met all patients the day before the surgery explained the reason and use of the picture chart for the experimental group and the routine communication methods for the control group. Data collection was done through a questionnaire consisting of: 1) demographic specification and clinical history, 2) Spielburgers questionnaire for obvious anxiety and 3) visual analogue scale (10cm) for patient satisfaction evaluation which is undertaken the day after surgery and after extubation. The results of the G ² test and the Fishers exact test showed significant statistical differences between the two groups concerning the level of the patients anxiety and satisfaction. The use of the picture chart for the experimental group, decreased patients anxiety resulting from speech disability and increased their satisfaction with their communication with nurses as compared to the control group.

Cigarette Ad Essay -- essays research papers

Smoking Your Health Away   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Puff, puff, puff . . . ummm the cool fresh taste of smoke in your lungs. Doesn’t that taste good Well, depending to whom you talk to, a variety of answers are possible. It is interesting though, that we, as a society, actually are still deceived into believing the false promises of happiness and bliss from smoking cigarettes. In our society people still deny and forget the fact that smoking causes lung cancer and directly kills over a million people every year, and that is just what tobacco advertisement departments would like to have you forget. Nowadays, advertising has become a major part of American society today. Everywhere you go there is advertising to be seen and absorbed by the consumer population. Nowadays, every company has a specific company inside the big business that’s sole purpose it to come up with interesting and new ways to promote its product. One industry that has been under fire for the types of advertising done during the last ten years is the tobacco industry. Major tobacco companies, specifically the R.J. Reynolds and Laramie corporations, spend millions of dollars each and every year, selectively advertising to older audiences in the Camel ad and to people who are socially active like the ones in the Newport ad, by intentionally using popular icons like Joe Camel and American ideals like the red, white, and blue coloring in the Camel ad, and by using human emotions like desire and popularity that everyone can relate to as found in the Newport ad, all in an attempt to sell a specific idea . . . cigarettes are pleasurable and enjoying to smoke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the advertisement put out by the R.J. Reynolds Company showcasing its Camel cigarettes, the attempt is made to seduce the customers into believing that it is hip and cool to smoke cigarettes. The first thing you notice in this particular advertisement is the large puffy red Afro donned by the man perfectly centered in the ad. He seems to be a throwback to the seventies when there was a collective feeling of freedom and invincibility enjoyed by the youth growing up in that era. It seem this man is living a surreal world full of bliss and happiness. His long smooth sideburns, small golden sunglasses tinted with a fresh color of purple, and attention-grabbing starred blue suede shirt with the leather pul... ...sements have a very cunning way of anticipating and targeting what kind of person the company wants to carry on the tradition of smoking cigarettes. In the Camel ad, they concept is mixing the old with the new, while in the Newport ad the whole idea is having fun and being part of a larger group. Also, both of the ads use specific coloring to enhance the product. The American red, white, and blue in the Camel ad, and the trademark green in the Newport ad. It is also interesting to compare what the Camel ad has that the Newport ad does not. For one the Camel advertisement actually has a man smoking a cigarette in the ad in comparison to no cigarette shown in the Newport ad. Also, on the Camel ad it is noticeable that there is a surgeon generals warning on the bottom left corner of the ad, informing people on the risks of smoking cigarettes. This is not found anywhere on the ad for the Newport cigarettes and possibly lets the prospective consumer be at ease not seeing the awful ris ks of smoking and what it actually does to people. Finally, in comparing both of these advertisements, both of them are effective ads that clearly convey the intended ideas of both companies, respectively.

Social Worker Field

Name: Monique Headley Course/Section: BEHS453 6980 Project #1 Paper Social Work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve people’s lives. Social workers assist people by helping them cope with and solve problems they may have in their daily lives, such as family and personal problems and dealing with relationships. Social workers assist can be child, family, and school social workers. They all provide social services and assistance to improve the social and psychological functioning of children and families. Some social workers specialize with child protective services, adoption agencies, or foster care.In this particular situation, I interviewed a friend of mine’s social worker Ms. Ayunda. A social worker serves as the link between the child and families. She addressed problems such as the child misbehavior, family problems, parent drug problem, family abuse, etc. Ms. Ayunda has been a social worker for 6 years. She has worked as a Social Worker fo r Child and Family Services Agency in Washington, DC. Her duties include, working a 40 hour week and some weekends meeting with clients, attending meetings, and coordinating services to help assist with the child or family. Ms.Ayunda is a family social worker. She provides social services and assistance to families. She keeps a record and history of all family updates, concerns, interests, and conflicts. If any abuse or neglect is present, she reports it to child protective services, and from there a resolution happens. Sometimes a child will be placed with a foster home, foster care, or adoption agency depending on their home situation. It has to be hard as a social worker to deal with people’s behavior, children feelings, and emotions. You must have to emotionally be strong and ready to handle anything in this career field.The academic training that prepared Ms. Ayunda for her Social Worker career was first receiving a bachelor’s degree in Social Work. Then she recei ved her master’s degree in social work after 2 years where she concentrated on her chosen field. That helped her develop the skills required to perform clinical assessments, manage large caseloads, take on supervisory roles, and a way on how to explore things upon a client’s need. Ms. Ayunda then got her license in DC & MD, which is a requirement for social work practice and the use of professional titles.Also, Ms. Ayunda stressed that as a social worker you have to be strong, responsible, willing to work independently, and able to communicate well with your clients and colleagues. Right now I am pursuing my BA degree in Psychology. My interest is Social Worker now and I will defiantly look into this. The reason why Ms. Ayunda became a social worker is because she wants to make a positive impact on someone’s life. She is furthering a cause that she is passionate about and she wants to help countless others overcome comparable obstacles.There are so many stories and situations she witnessed of children being abused and neglected in their homes or parents struggling and can’t afford to take care of their child. She even runs into families who parent(s) are on drugs. To make a change and to be that person to make that change is an honor. The challenges that she has faced were when she had to take action and have CPT take children from their home because their parents were on drugs, neglected their child, abused them, or another serious issue. Few parents spoke harsh words to her and acted very violent.Even the child will not speak to her because they felt as though it was her fault they were taken away or they didn’t want to get in trouble by their parent. The child will be crying for their parents and it is just a situation that you never want to happen because you don’t want to break up a home or separate a child from their parent. As far as balancing your work with your life responsibilities beyond work Ms. Ayunda just recognize her boundaries and separate her professional and personal lives. That has to be so hard to see and witness a child’s pain and their parent’s pain.I really felt for Ms. Ayunda at that moment when she mentioned the challenges she faced. In one case a mother was on drugs, had bi-polar, and was schizophrenic. The mother had a 9 year old son and the case opened when she had an episode walking with her son on the highway into traffic and saying that she was going to kill herself. Someone reported other things to Child Protective Services that the mother neglects the child and he stays out real late at time. The mother did have drugs in her system when tested.For the fact that the mother was using illegal drugs and had a psychological sickness made her even worst. The 9 year old mother was not herself when she did drugs or didn’t take her medication. When you are on drugs you tend to abuse your child and when they interviewed the boy he did mention that his mother abused him. It was not the form of punishment abuse, but she would hit him obsessively to a point he will have marks on him. The boy even came to school with a black eye the next day he got suspended from school. When he got suspended he was scared to go home.They put the boy in counseling and some days he would not speak to the counselors scared he will get in trouble by his mother if he does. There were many more episodes that occurred and the child had to be taken from Child Protective Services. Family violence is an act by a member of a family or household against another member of the family or household that is intended to result in physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault, or that is a threat that reasonably places the member in fear of imminent physical harm or bodily injury (Gosselin, 2010, pp. 31).Child abuse and child neglect is defined as any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm (Gosselin, 2010, pp. 93-94). A child that is being physically abused behavior indicators is withdrawal, aggressiveness, frightens of parents, afraid to go home, reports of injury by parents (Module 3). In Ms. Ayunda case the child was abused by his mother and hurtful things were said to him as well.Emotional abuse plays a role in the mother and 9 year old boy’s case. Emotional abuse includes excessive, aggressive, or unreasonable parental behavior that places demands on a child to perform beyond his or her capabilities (Module 3). The signs of emotional abuse are uncommunicative behavior, unreasonable fearful or suspicious, lack of interest in social contacts, or evasiveness (Gosselin, 2010). I think that a lot of hurt is said to a child when their parents are using drugs and also are bi-polar/schizophrenic because they are not themselves.The motherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s background explains a lot. My friend was abused by her son’s father and she was raped by her uncle when she was in her young teens. Her mother’s mother was schizophrenic, so that was a genetic psychological behavior that passed to her. A lot of times when you do not get counseling and you are raped at a young age it can really mess you up. Some people turn to drugs because they think that drug’s heals them, makes them feel better, and forget their problems. Really they need to receive psychological help or counseling.It looks like the boy’s mother went through a lot and as she got older she got worst. Now, her son is receiving counseling and I think that is good because the things his mother done to him, around him, and him being taken away from his family really can affect him. After reading the Modules and Textbook I came across that the boy was being neglected by his mother. Neglect is defined as failure or refusal to provide care or services for your child when there is an obligation to do so (Gosselin, 2010). Neglect is one of the primary types of family violence in the textbook.When you leave a young child unsupervised or unattended that can be considered as neglect and many people do not look at it like that (Gosselin, 2010). Module 3 describes three types of neglect and how child neglect is the failure to provide for the child’s basic needs. In this case the mother was doing self-neglect. The mother was refusing to take her medications for her psychological behavior and using drugs in her household which makes it an unsafe living condition because she could flip out on her child, go crazy, or not be herself.She is unable to pay her bills or manage her finances due to her addiction. Personally, I have learned a lot from the interview and from the readings. I think that the readings related to the case situation that the social worker mentioned. Child protective services were involved in this case. I think that they made the right decision into getting the 9 year old boy into their custody. If he stayed with his mother any longer he would not have got counseling, psychological help, and he would be pretty messed up.Some young children show behavioral issues or act out when they go through family or household problems. As a social worker it must be hard to get involved in situations and cases like those. References Gosselin, D. (2010). An Introduction to the Crimes of Family Abuse. History of Violence in the Family, 4, 31-56. Gosselin, D. (2010). An Introduction to the Crimes of Family Abuse. Child Abuse, 4, 85-112. Module 3 Commentary: Domestic Violence: Children, the Youngest Victims.

Adoption of Islamic Banking Essay

The intention of the study is to identify the benefits which could be drawn in Adoption of Islamic banking by conventional banks and to determine the challenges they are going to face in the adoption. The 60 respondents from various conventional, non-Muslim banks have been chosen through simple random sampling. The result of the survey for the questions regarding the awareness of the local people was considered positive in Edgware Road, London. They were mostly familiar with Islamic banking since there is already established Islamic bank in the area. The first branch of The Islamic Bank of Britain was in this area. It was also found out that a good portion non-Muslims are aware about the features of Islamic banking. A number of these non-Muslim respondents were also found to be employees of Islamic banks. The fact that Islamic Bank of Britain employs the best person for the job regardless of color, creed, gender, and ethnicity, the system makes it more familiar to non-Muslims. It may be concluded that although Islamic banking is a good alternative to the conventional banking system, it should not replace the conventional system. The benefits drawn in the adoption of Islamic banking may be a very good alternative for investors who could use either or both systems to maximize the outcome of their investment plans. Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Introduction What is Islamic Banking? Islamic Baking is quite a different system compared to a conventional banking system. The Islamic banking system prohibit usury and interest categorized as riba. It is governed by Shariah where Islam does not distinguish interest and usury (Haron 1995, p. 26). Currently, there are more than 150 interest-free institutions all over the world according to the International Association of Islamic Banks. Islamic banks nowadays were also serving non-Muslim countries such as Denmark, Switzerland and other Western countries. No interest is paid nor charged in an Islamic Bank. (Haron 1995, p. 26). The pioneer Mit Ghamr Local Savings Banks was established in 1963, somewhere in Nile Delta, Egypt, a provincial rural center. Although most of the banks operate in Muslim countries, it was also extended to the Western world. An example is the Islamic Banking System International Holding which was established in Luxembourg in 1978. It is considered as the first Islamic bank in the Western soil. The establishments of these banks were followed by other Islamic banks not only serving Muslim customers but also those who expanded their operations to service non-Muslims (Haron 1995, p. 27). After more than a decade since its establishment, it was estimated that over US$20 billion to US$40 billon of assets existed in the Islamic banking system worldwide. Currently, they have grown for more than US$60 billion. A study shows that the adoption of Islamic Banking in a financial system has not led to collapse as some feared to happen (Ghannadian & Goswami 2004, p. 242). Islamic banking is also playing a very important role in resource allocation, mobilization and utilization. It means Islamic banks are also providing savings to depositors and credits to the needy. Normal deposits such as savings account, current account and investment deposits are very available to customers. Islamic banks provide financial assistance in a short or long term business and individuals. They are also involved in international trade activities (Haron 1995, p. 27). 1. 2 Research Background It is difficult to pinpoint when Islamic banking started, but consensus suggests that it took place in Egypt in the 1960’s. In the mid 1970’s, Islamic banking started to take root in other Muslim countries. The changes were explained into main factors. First, the 1970s have seen oil price shocks which led to a massive transfer of wealth for the oil-consuming to oil-producing countries. Second is the fact that the oil shock coincided with the Iranian revolution which brought about the Khomeini government and the first Islamic republic (Akacem & Gilliam 2002, p. 126). By 2003, there were about 176 Islamic banks around the world, handling over US$ 147 billion and 32 banks are in an Arab state (Info Prod Research, 2003). This form of specialized banking may help to promote growth in the developing countries (Ghannadian & Goswami 2004, p. 242). As recent as 2003, there have been news about the introduction of Islamic hedge funds which could tap into the capital of Islamic families that could be worth a trillion dollars in asset management. According to banking statistics, the growth rate of Islamic banking has outpaced the growth of traditional banking in the past decade. Transformation Oriented Developing Economies (TODEs) made the transformation of society into full pledged market based economies (MBEs) a centerpiece in overall strategies. Many structural changes are required in its financial institutions, especially that the role of a financial intermediary in supplying funds to a growing new industry is crucial. Moreover, there are times when improper resource allocation may potentially result destabilization due to either faulty risk assessments. Or because of the design of its contract could be significant in examining the implementation of an Islamic banking system and how Islamic banks can provide liquidity and aid in creating money. This is through offering transactions accounts with compensation for inflation to risk-avoiding depositors (Ghannadian & Goswami 2004, p. 242). Evolution of Islamic The first modern experiment with Islamic banking was undertaken in Egypt. The pioneering effort of projecting Islamic image was led by Ahmad El Najjar who aimed to establish a savings bank based on profit-sharing in the town of Mit Ghamr in 1963. This experiment lasted until 1967, and by that time there were nine banks operating in the country. These banks neither charged nor paid interest and invested mostly in trade and industry directly or in forms of partnership and shared their profit with the depositors. This function is essentially a savings investment institution rather than a commercial bank. The Nasir Social Bank was established in 1971, IDB established in 1974 by the Organization of Islamic countries, and was the primarily inter-governmental bank aimed at providing funds for development projects in member countries (Sohrab 1996, p. 287). In considering the adoption of Islamic banking by conventional banks, what kind of benefits may be drawn from such adoption and the challenges they are going to face in undertaking such? Most benefits that may be drawn from the adoption of Islamic banking by conventional banks come from the features of its equity financing contract. With Mudaraba (trustee financing) and Musharaka (equity participation), entrepreneurs with little means and substantial collateral are able to gain access to capital (Sohrab 1996, p. 288). In addition, few businesses are able to operate strictly on cash basis without taking on debt or selling a portion of the business just to cover shortfalls or when there is a need for expansion (Bartlett & Economy 2002, p. 184). Because of this, it will be more attractive to engage into Islamic bank equity financing than that of conventional banks offering debt financing thus, making Islamic banking more competitive with regards to innovative entrepreneurial customers.